: Union Minister of State in the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs (1999-2001); Union Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways (Sept. 2001- July 2002); Union Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation (July 2002 to Jan. 2003); Union Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence Production (29.01.2003 - 22.05.2004); Union Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (Jan. 2001 - May 2004); Member, Rajya Sabha (1992-2004); Chairman, Committee on Petitions, Rajya Sabha (1996-98); Member, National Executive, Jan Sangh (1964-77); State President, Jan Sangh (1974-77); State General Secretary, Janata Party (1977-80); State President (1980-84), National Secretary (1986-89), National General Secretary (1989-92), National Vice President and Parliamentary Board Member (1992-95), BJP; Deputy Leader, BJP, Rajya Sabha (2002-04); Patron, Madhya Pradesh Malayalee Sangh, Bhopal, Delhi Malayalee Sangh, Matha Amritanandamayi Devi Seva Samithi, Delhi; President, K.G. Marar Smaraka Samithi and Trust, Aurobindo Cultural Society, Thiruvananthapuram, Small Farmers Association, BJS; Director, Mathruka Pracharanalayam, Cochin; Editor 'Chithi' monthly news magazine, Thiruvananthapuram;